Web Standards

Resources

• WHATWG HTML Living Standard
  The core markup language of the web, including Web Workers, localStorage, history, the canvas element, forms, and numerous JavaScript APIs. Maintained by WHATWG and published as a continuously updated Living Standard.
• WHATWG Fetch Living Standard
  The networking model for resource retrieval on the web. Defines the Fetch API used by browsers and JavaScript to make HTTP requests, replacing the older XMLHttpRequest API.
• WHATWG DOM Living Standard
  The core infrastructure used to define the web. Specifies the Document Object Model (DOM), which represents HTML/XML documents as a tree of nodes that scripts can manipulate.
• WHATWG URL Living Standard
  Infrastructure and algorithms around URLs on the web. Defines how URLs are parsed, serialized, and resolved, and specifies the URL and URLSearchParams APIs.
• WHATWG Streams Living Standard
  APIs for creating, composing, and consuming streams of data. Defines ReadableStream, WritableStream, and TransformStream interfaces for efficient data processing.
• WHATWG WebSockets Living Standard
  APIs to enable web applications to maintain bidirectional communications with server-side processes. Defines the WebSocket interface for full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection.
• WHATWG Storage Living Standard
  Persistent storage API, quota management, and platform storage architecture. Defines how web applications can store data persistently and manage storage quotas.
• WHATWG Encoding Living Standard
  Character encoding functionality on the web. Defines the TextEncoder and TextDecoder APIs for converting between strings and binary data using various character encodings.
• WHATWG Notifications API Living Standard
  Provides an API allowing web pages to control the display of system notifications to end users, enabling alerts outside the context of a web page.
• WHATWG File System Living Standard
  Infrastructure and API for accessing the file system. Provides FileSystemHandle, FileSystemFileHandle, and FileSystemDirectoryHandle interfaces for reading and writing files on the user's local device.
• W3C CSS Specifications
  Cascading Style Sheets specifications developed by the W3C CSS Working Group. Covers layout (Flexbox, Grid), selectors, animations, transforms, custom properties, and all aspects of web presentation.
• W3C Web Authentication (WebAuthn)
  A W3C Recommendation that defines a strong authentication API for web applications, enabling passwordless and multi-factor authentication using public key cryptography and hardware authenticators.
• W3C WebRTC
  Web Real-Time Communications specifications enabling peer-to-peer audio, video, and data communication directly between browsers without plugins. Developed by the W3C WebRTC Working Group.
• W3C WebGPU
  A W3C specification providing a modern GPU-accelerated graphics and compute interface for the web. Developed by the GPU for the Web Working Group as a successor to WebGL.
• W3C Web Components
  A suite of W3C specifications enabling reusable custom elements: Custom Elements v1, Shadow DOM, and HTML Templates. Allows developers to create encapsulated, reusable UI components.
• W3C Service Workers
  A W3C specification that enables web applications to work offline, do background synchronization, and intercept network requests. Service Workers act as a programmable network proxy between the browser and network.
• W3C Payment Request API
  A W3C Recommendation that standardizes the checkout process on the web, reducing the need for forms by using browser-stored payment information and supporting multiple payment methods.
• W3C WebAssembly
  A portable binary instruction format for a stack-based virtual machine. Enables near-native performance for web applications written in languages like C, C++, and Rust.
• W3C JSON-LD
  JSON-LD 1.1 is a W3C Recommendation for Linked Data in JSON format. Provides a method to encode Linked Data using JSON, enabling semantic interoperability and integration with the Semantic Web.
• W3C Verifiable Credentials
  A W3C Recommendation that defines a data model for expressing credentials on the web in a cryptographically secure, privacy-respecting, and machine-verifiable way.
• W3C Web Neural Network API (WebNN)
  A W3C specification enabling hardware-accelerated machine learning inference directly in web browsers, providing a low-level API for neural network operations on CPUs, GPUs, and dedicated ML accelerators.
• W3C Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
  A W3C Recommendation defining a new type of identifier enabling verifiable, decentralized digital identity. DIDs are globally unique, resolvable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable.
• IETF HTTP Specifications
  The IETF HTTP Working Group specifications defining the HyperText Transfer Protocol. Includes HTTP/1.1 (RFC 9110), HTTP/2 (RFC 9113), HTTP/3 (RFC 9114), and related standards for caching, cookies, and security headers.
• ECMA JavaScript (ECMAScript)
  The ECMAScript specification (ECMA-262) defines the JavaScript programming language. Published annually by TC39 with new features, ECMAScript is the foundation for all JavaScript runtime environments including browsers and Node.js.

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